Hypersonic transducer

ABSTRACT

This invention provides methods and apparatus for focusing a hypersonic beam to control both a direction and depth of audible information delivery. Signals that are delivered to each of a plurality of hypersonic transducer elements are adjusted in phase so that transmitted hypersonic signals are focused at a focal point anywhere in space. The focal point of a focused hypersonic beam may be used to scan a space of interest when used in a receive mode in a pinging process. When objects are detected, a focused hypersonic beam may be used to deliver audible information substantially only to a neighborhood of the detected object.

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/800,869 filed Mar. 16, 2004, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

This invention relates to hypersonic audio communications.

2. Description of Related Art

Transmission of sound waves through air may be divided into small signaland large signal transmissions. Air is substantially a linear medium forsmall signal transmission. However, the response of air to transmissionof large amplitude signals is not substantially linear permittingaudible sound to be transmitted using hypersonic (non-audible) signals.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides methods and apparatus for focusing a hypersonicbeam to control both a direction and depth of audible informationdelivery. Instead of transmitting hypersonic signals using a pluralityof hypersonic transducer elements driven by an exact same signal,signals delivered to each of a plurality of hypersonic transducerelements are adjusted in phase so that transmitted hypersonic signalsare focused at a focal point anywhere in space. The focal point of afocused hypersonic beam may be used to scan a space of interest, such asan auditorium, for example, in a pinging process. When objects aredetected (e.g., people) using hypersonic or other techniques, thefocused hypersonic beam may be used to deliver audible informationsubstantially only to a neighborhood of the detected object.

This invention also provides hypersonic transducer element arraystructures for producing the focused hypersonic beam. Using thehypersonic transducer element array as a phased array of transducerelements, focused beams of hypersonic signals carrying audio informationmay be used to deliver audible sounds anywhere in a specified space.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The systems and methods of this invention are described in detail, withreference to the following figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary audio signal emitter;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary illustration of amplitude variation over distancefor an audio signal emitted by the audio signal emitter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates a linear array of hypersonic transducer elements thatforms a conic shape wavefront;

FIG. 4 shows a two-dimensional planar array of hypersonic transducerelements that generates a planar wavefront;

FIG. 5 shows exemplary diagrams of spatial configuration and amplitudevariation of the planar wave shown in FIG. 4 over distance;

FIG. 6 shows the linear array of transducer elements shown in FIG. 3driven by copies of a hypersonic signal that are phase-shifted from eachother by delays to form a wavefront having a selective direction;

FIG. 7 shows the linear array of transducer elements that are driven byfour copies of a hypersonic signal delayed from each other to form afocused wavefront;

FIG. 8 shows a two-dimensional array of hypersonic transducer elements;

FIG. 9 shows a focused hypersonic beam generated by the hypersonictransducer elements shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows a focused hypersonic beam directed at an arbitrarylocation;

FIG. 11 shows exemplary diagrams of a spatial configuration and anamplitude variation over distance for the focused hypersonic beams ofFIGS. 9 and 10;

FIG. 12 is an exemplary diagram of amplitude variation over distancefrom a transducer elements for a focused hypersonic beam;

FIG. 13 shows a first exemplary ferroelectric transducer element array;

FIG. 14 shows an exemplary block diagram of a system for driving aphased array of hypersonic transducer elements;

FIG. 15 shows a second exemplary ferroelectric transducer element array;

FIG. 16 shows an exemplary adhesive standoff configuration;

FIG. 17 shows an exemplary bimorph ferroelectric transducer elementarray;

FIG. 18 shows an exemplary plan view of electrodes for the bimorphferroelectric transducer element array of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 shows a first exemplary non-ferroelectric hypersonic transducerelement array;

FIG. 20 shows a second exemplary non-ferroelectric hypersonic transducerelement array;

FIG. 21 shows a hypersonic transducer element array used to ping aspecified space by scanning the space using a focused hypersonic beam;

FIG. 22 shows frequency shift keying of hypersonic signals that may beused to ping a space;

FIG. 23 shows a hypersonic transducer element array installed in amonitor that projects focused hypersonic beams;

FIG. 24 shows hypersonic transducer element arrays used in a publicenvironment;

FIG. 25 shows an exemplary block diagram of a hypersonic processor;

FIG. 26 shows an exemplary flowchart for pinging a space using a focusedhypersonic beam and delivery of audio information using a focusedhypersonic beam; and

FIG. 27 shows an exemplary flowchart for operating a hypersonictransducer element array to generate a focused beam.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Transmission of audio information may be performed by familiar soundsystems using a loud speaker, for example. As shown in FIG. 1, a signalgenerator 8 drives a loud speaker 10 to generate audio signal 12 in theform of pressure waves propagating in the air. The sound waves from theloudspeaker 10 propagates in ever expanding spherical wavefronts so thatan amplitude of the sound waves decreases with the square of thedistance away from the loud speaker 10 (i.e., proportional to 1/d² whered is the distance from the sound source). For simplicity, FIG. 2 shows arepresentation of this decrease in amplitude by a line sloping downwardsas the distance from the speaker increases.

Audio information may be transmitted over air using hypersonic waves(pressure waves at frequencies higher than the audible range of 20-20kHz) due to non-linear large signal response of air. Air issubstantially a linear transmission medium for signals of smallamplitudes; that is, the compression of the air is directly proportionalto the amplitude of the pressure variation. However, for largeamplitudes, air's response to high pressure is different than for lowpressure. This “non-linear” response effectively transfers energy from afrequency of a transmitted signal to other frequencies. In particular,when two frequencies (f₁ and f₂) of hypersonic signals are transmittedtogether at large amplitudes in air, air's non-linear response canconvert a large portion of the energy of the two frequencies into energyat a difference frequency (f_(d)=|f₁−f₂|) and a sum frequency(f_(s)=f₁+f₂) similar to a mixer function known as heterodyning. Thus,when the difference frequency f_(d) is within the audio range (20-20kHz), the transmitted hypersonic signal is converted to an audio signal.This heterodyning effect may occur in any transmission medium that has anon-linear response to a transmitted signal.

Based on the above, audio signals can be transmitted using hypersoniccarriers by generating a side band encoding audio information. Whentransmitted at high enough amplitudes, the hypersonic carrier and theside band will be converted by the air to the audio signal, thusdelivering audio information using a hypersonic signal. The hypersoniccarrier signal and the side band signal can also be transmittedseparately using different hypersonic transducer elements. While it ismore difficult to ensure that the hypersonic carrier and the side bandmaintain a consistent phase relationship as would be possible if thesetwo signals are transmitted together as a single signal, nevertheless,these signals may be converted by the air into an audible audio signalby the air.

As noted above, air is substantially linear for small signals. However,heterodyning does occur even for small signals, but the effect is sosmall that it is not noticeable. As the amplitude of a transmittedsignal increases, the movement of energy from one frequency to anotherbecomes more noticeable. Thus, a threshold may be established at anamplitude of hypersonic signal above which conversion of hypersonicenergy to audio energy may be said to occur. This threshold may be usedto define a neighborhood within which audio information may beconsidered to be transmitted or delivered. The size of the neighborhoodmay depend on an amount of hypersonic energy converted to audio energy,absorption (i.e., conversion to heat) or dispersion (amplitude reducedby scattering to below a noise level), for example. Thus, the boundariesof the neighborhood may be determined by intensity of a hypersonic beam,the efficiency of the hypersonic to audio frequency conversion, and theabsorption and dispersion of the hypersonic and audio energies. Audiosignals converted from hypersonic signals may be “heard” within theneighborhood because the audio signals are above the threshold. Theaudio signals converted from hypersonic beams emanate as if from asource located at the neighborhood.

FIG. 3 shows a transducer element array 14 (e.g., hypersonictransmitters/receivers) driven by a signal generator 9 so that the samesignal drives each of the transducer elements in the transducer elementarray 14. Each of the transducer elements generates wavelets such as awavefront shown in FIG. 1. The combination of all the wavelets viaconstructive and destructive interference forms a wavefront 16 that islinear in a Z direction. This wavefront 16 propagates in a directionshown by an arrow 18 that is perpendicular to a line formed by thetransducer element array 14.

FIG. 4 shows a two-dimensional transducer element array 20 driven by thesignal generator 9 so that each of the transducer elements in thetransducer element array 20 is driven by the same signal. Thistransducer element array configuration generates a planar wavefront 22that moves in a direction indicated by the arrow 24 that isperpendicular to a plane of the transducer element array 20. FIG. 5shows in graphical form a wavefront configuration 26, seen from theside, as it extends in the direction of propagation, and a signalamplitude 28 as a function of distance from the location of thetransducer element array 20. As shown, the planar wavefront 22 disperseslaterally as it propagates along the transmitted direction. Theamplitude decreases with distance from the transducer element array 20due to absorption, dispersion, etc.

FIG. 6 shows the transducer element array 14 being driven by delayedversions of the signal generated by the signal generator 9. The delaygenerator 30 applies delays to the signal from the signal generator 9before outputting a separate delayed signal to each of the transducerelements in the transducer element array 14. For example, therelationship of delays 1-4 may be set as: delay 1>delay 2>delay 3>delay4. If the spacing between transducer elements is the same and thedifferences between delays of adjacent transducer elements are the same,then the transducer element array 14 generates a wavefront 32 having anaxis 16 that forms an angle θ with respect to an axis 15 of thetransducer element array 14. In this way, the wavefront 32 may bedirected to any direction by setting the delay values of the delays 1-4.

FIG. 7 shows that the transducer element array 14 is driven by a delaygenerator 34 that generates two wavefronts 36 and 38 that are directedtowards each other in directions 40 and 42. The values of delays 1-4 maybe set to: delay 2=delay 3; delay 1=delay 4; delay 2>delay 1, and delay3>delay 4 so that the wavefronts 36 and 38 are directed toward a commonaxis. Thus, by driving the transducer elements with different phases ofthe signal, the hypersonic wavefront emitted (or received) by thetransducer element array 14 becomes focused as opposed to a planarwavefront that is generated by driving the transducer elements withsubstantially the same signal. The focused hypersonic wavefront forms ahypersonic beam that may be directed at an object which may be locatedanywhere relative to the transducer element array 14. The hypersonicbeam may be concentrated at one location in space or expanded so thatwavelets diverge from each other in a controlled manner. Thus, a focusedhypersonic beam may be diverging or converging. In the followingdiscussion, unqualified references to “focused hypersonic beam” includesboth converging and diverging focused hypersonic beams that may bedirected in any angle relative to a transducer element array.

FIG. 8 shows a two-dimensional array 46 that is driven by a delaygenerator 44 that applies to each of the transducer elements in thetransducer element array 46 delayed versions of the signal generated bythe signal generator 9. The transducer elements closer to a center ofthe transducer element array 46 may receive signals having delays thatare greater than the delays of signals driving transducer elements thatare closer to the perimeter of the transducer element array 46. Thus, afocused two-dimensional wavefront may be generated as shown in FIG. 9.Here, the wavefronts 48, 50 and 52 are increasingly smaller as thedistance from the transducer element array 46 increases. If thedimensions of the wavefront 52 is the smallest dimension that may begenerated given the wavelength of the signal generated by the signalgenerator 9, then the wavefront 52 is at a focal point of the focusedbeam generated by the transducer element array 46 and may be referred toas a beam waist 52. For an array consisting of many transducer elementsand with an array diameter D emitting hypersonic waves of wavelength λthe lateral size of the beam waist 52 at the focal point a distance L(focal distance) from the transducer element array 46 is given by Lλ/D.The focused beam diverges after the focal point when the distance fromthe transducer element array 46 is greater than the focal distance L.

FIG. 9 shows the focal point 52 directly in front of the transducerelement array 46. However, the focal point may be placed anywhere inthree-dimensional space by driving each of the transducer elements inthe transducer element array 46 with proper delays thereby changing thefocal distance L and direction angle θ. For example, in FIG. 10, a focalpoint 54 is placed at a location that is different than the focal point52 shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 shows a representative diagram of a wavefront configuration 60seen from the side and a signal amplitude 62 of the converging focusedhypersonic beam generated by the transducer element array 46. Thewavefront configuration 60 narrows as the distance from the transducerelement location increases. This narrowing effect is caused by thefocused nature of the beam formed by the transducer element array 46. Asnoted above, the wavefront configuration 60 diverges after the focaldistance L is reached. The amplitude 62 of the signal increases with thedistance from the transducer element array 46 until the focal distance Lis reached; then the amplitude 62 decreases. The increase is caused by aconcentration of the energy transmitted by the transducer element array46 also due to the converging focused nature of the beam. Thus,neglecting the effects of absorption, the transmitted signal is at itshighest intensity at the focal point of the transmitted beam.

In view of the above, for transmission mediums such as air that have anincreasing non-linear response with increasing signal amplitude, anamount of hypersonic energy converted to audio energy may be controlledby controlling an intensity of a focused beam in the beam direction.Thus, by controlling amplitudes and phases (delays) of hypersonicsignals emitted by a phased hypersonic transducer element array, a sizeor volume of a neighborhood of audio energy may be controllably beamedto and positioned in any location in three-dimensional space by antransducer element array such as the transducer element array 46discussed above. While the above discusses forming focused hypersonicbeams using hypersonic transducer element arrays having transducerelements that are disposed in fixed positions relative to each other,the distances between transducer elements can be fixed or varied as longas the appropriate phases are used to create the desired wavefronts forfocused hypersonic beams.

FIG. 12 shows an intuitive graphical representation of a neighborhoodprojected by a focused hypersonic beam. The transducer element locationis shown at the intersection between the amplitude and x-axes where x isthe distance away from the transducer element. The threshold isrepresented by a dashed line 64. Dashed lines 66 and 68 representidealized hypersonic beam amplitude profile without consideration oflosses such as conversion of hypersonic energy into audio energy orother energy dissipating effects such as absorption and dispersion.Thus, the amplitude of a converging focused hypersonic beam increases(represented by a linear line even though actual amplitude increase maybe other than linear) up to a focal point, and then decreases until theamplitude reaches zero as represented by the dashed line 68. The boldline that includes line segments 72-80 represents an amplitude of thefocused hypersonic beam.

Line segment 72 represents small signal transmission where air (or othersimilar medium) is basically linear. The absorption and dispersioneffects represented by dash line 70 (represented as linear) merelydecrease the slope of the line segment 72. Line segment 74 represents asmall but noticeable decrease in the amplitude of the hypersonic beamdue to slight conversion of hypersonic energy into audio energy.However, as noted above, this slight conversion into audio energy is notdetectable because the amplitude of the hypersonic beam is below thethreshold as indicated by the dashed line 64.

Line segment 76 and 78 show the amplitude above the threshold dashedline 64. Here, the hypersonic energy to audio energy conversion resultsin perceptible audible sound. Thus, the amplitude of the hypersonic beamis significantly decreased because a large amount of hypersonic energyis converted into audio energy. An area 82 bounded by line segments 76and 78 and the threshold dashed line 64 is a region in which audioinformation may be said to be delivered. The distance between thecrossover points where the amplitude of the hypersonic beam intersectsthe threshold dashed line 64 is the extent of the neighborhood in whichthe audio information is delivered. The amplitude of the audio signalincreases until the focal point and then decreases rapidly until theamplitude of the hypersonic beam decreases below the threshold dashedline 64. The projected audio frequency energy diverges and attenuateswith increasing distance away from the projected neighborhood.

Line segment 80 shows the amplitude of the converging focused hypersonicbeam decreasing until the amplitude reaches zero. The slope of the linesegment 80 is more negative than the slope of the dash line 68 becauseabsorption and dispersion effects as represented by the dashed line 70further reduce the amplitude of the converging focused hypersonic beambeyond the amplitude reduction due to the focusing effect of theconverging focused hypersonic beam.

While FIG. 12 only shows the neighborhood boundaries along the x-axis,the converging focused hypersonic beam extends in all three dimensionsso that a volume is formed within which the hypersonic signaltransmitted by the hypersonic beam is converted into an audible signal.The distance of the neighborhood from the transducer element location isa projection distance. The projection distance may be measured from thetransducer element location to a center of the neighborhood volume inthe x-direction.

FIG. 13 shows an transducer element array 100 that includes a substrate102 having a plurality of transducer elements 104 formed on a firstsurface, and electronic components such as a controller 112, and delayunits 114 formed on an opposite second surface. The substrate 102 mayinclude ordinary printed circuit board materials such as FR4 or ceramicthat are dimensioned for optimal transmission of selected hypersonicfrequencies, such as resonance properties or impedance mismatch andabsorption properties, for example. Each of the transducer elements 104includes a piezoelectric or ferroelectric material 106 such as leadzirconate titanate (PZT) or polyvinylidene diflouride (PVDF or PVF2),and two electrodes 108 and 110 formed on a top and a bottom surface ofthe ferroelectric/piezoelectric material 106. The bottom electrode 110is connected to components such as a controller 112 and delay generator114, for example, via wire patterns formed on the first surfaceinter-connected to wire patterns found on the second surface using wellknown methods such as via holes and metal traces, for example.Intermediate layers may also be used if wiring density requires multiplelayers. The top electrodes 108 may be connected to patterns formed onthe first surface via wires 111 using wire bonding techniques, forexample. Alternatively, the common electrodes 108 can be conductivelybonded to metallized polyester sheet, such as aluminized Mylar, with themetal conductively connected to the electronic traces and selectedpoints, e.g. at the periphery of the array.

As is well known, ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials change physicalshape when an electric potential is applied to opposite surfaces. Thus,when an electric potential is applied between the electrodes 108 and110, the ferroelectric/piezoelectric material 106 changes its physicalshape, such as its thickness. When signals are applied between theelectrodes 108 and 110, each of the transducer elements 104 moves up anddown creating pressure waves on its top surface. The pressure wavespropagate outwardly transmitting the energy into the transmission mediumsuch as air. If the signal driving the transducer elements 104 is athypersonic frequencies, then a hypersonic signal is transmitted in theair.

As shown in FIG. 14, the electrodes 108 and 110 of each of thetransducer elements 104 may be connected to corresponding delaygenerators 114 via driver/receivers 120. The delay generators 114receive signals from the controller 112, for example. Thus, thecontroller 112 may act as a signal generator outputting a signal to betransmitted by the transducer elements 104. Each of the delay generators114 delays the received signal by a delay value so that each of thetransducer elements 104 may generate a pressure wave in a phaserelationship that is controlled by the controller 112.

The transducer element array 100 may also be used as a hypersonic signalreceiver. As shown in FIG. 14, the arrows between the transducerelements 104 and the driver/receivers 120, between the delay generators114 and the driver/receivers 120, and between the delay generators 114and the controller 112 are bi-directional. In the receive mode, thedelays generated by the delay generators 114 delay hypersonic signalsreceived by the respective transducer elements 104. Thus, a “receive”focused hypersonic beam is formed so that only hypersonic signalsdefined by the focused hypersonic beam are received. The wavefrontconfiguration and the focal distance is substantially the same as thatof a transmitted focused hypersonic beam. This “reciprocal” relationshipbetween transmitted and received focused hypersonic beams holds for alltransducer element arrays.

The ferroelectric/piezoelectric transducer elements change physicaldimensions when an electric signal is applied to their electrodes, andwhen pressure waves are applied to the transducer elements, theferroelectric/piezoelectric materials of the transducer elementsgenerate an electric potential across their electrodes. These electricpotentials may be delayed and amplified (the signals may be firstpre-amplified to reduce noise that may be introduced by the delaygenerators) before forwarding to the controller 112 to form the focusedhypersonic beam. If the delay generator functions are performed by thecontroller 112, then the controller 112 may use all the signals receivedby the transducer elements 104 to form any needed focused hypersonicbeam, because the controller 112 may apply any set of delays required.

The controller 112 may be a digital signal processor (DSP) that sendscontrol signals via a control line 118 to the delay generators 114. Eachof the delay generators 114 may receive a specific delay parameter thatcorresponds to an appropriate phase shift that should be applied to thesignal to be transmitted. After the delay generators 114 have beeninitialized, the controller 112 may output a signal on a signal line 116to the delay generators 114. The delay generators 114 appropriatelydelay the signal and output the delayed signals to the driver/receivers120 which convert the delayed signals into appropriate signal propertiesfor driving the transducer elements 104 such as amplifying the signalvoltage to 300 volt, for example. The 300 volt signals drive thetransducer elements 104 for transmission of hypersonic signals into thetransmission medium, such as air. The driver/receivers 120 can besilicon chips or can be amorphous silicon or polysilicon high voltagetransistor amplifiers on glass or plastic along with polysiliconamplifiers for the received low level signals.

The control line 118 and the delay generators 114 are shown as dashlines because these elements may not be necessary if the appropriatedelay is generated within the controller 112. The controller 112 maygenerate multiple signals phase-shifted from each other and outputs thephase-shifted signals to the driver/receivers 120 for directly drivingthe appropriate transducer elements 104. For example, transducerelements 104 that are located a same distance from a center of thetransducer element array 46 may receive a signal delayed by the sameamount. Thus, the controller 112 is not required to generate the samenumber of signals as there are transducer elements 104. Instead, thecontroller 112 may be required only to generate a number of uniquesignals that are delayed from each other that is needed to focus ahypersonic beam. The connections between the drivers 120 and thecontroller 112 may be configured in groups so that drivers of transducerelements that receive a same phase-shift signal are grouped together anddriven by the controller 112 using a single signal line. In this way,the controller 112 only outputs unique delayed signals that are requiredto focus the hypersonic beam. Additionally, multiple controllers can beused. For example, there could be one DSP associated with eachdriver/receiver.

The delay generators 114 may be implemented using delay lines, forexample. If the hypersonic beam is to be focused at a fixed location,then the delay lines may be set to fixed values (e.g., for a megaphone)and need not receive parameters from the controller 112 via the controlline 118. In such a case, the delay lines are components that aremounted on the substrate 102, and always delay the signal by a fixedamount before outputting to the transducer elements 104.

Various technologies may be used to construct the delay generators 114to provide programmability. For example, micro-electro-mechanicalsystems (MEMS) may be used to implement a programmable delay unit 114.Using such a technology, capacitors may be formed with electrodes thatare movable with respect to one another to change its capacitancevalues. Thus, a delay line constructed of inductors and such capacitorsmay be formed so that the controller 112 may send a command to set thevarious capacitors to different positions to achieve different delays.

The delay generators 114 may also be implemented using digital delaytechniques, for example. Hypersonic signals have frequencies greaterthan 20 kHz, such as 100 kHz, for example. Electronic logic devices mayoperate at mega or giga Hertz clock rates. Thus, the controller 112 maysend 100 kHz signal data in digital packets with a delay parameter in aheader, for example, to the delay generators 114 which then outputs the100 kHz data at an appropriate delay based on down counters that may beloaded with delay values from the header information, for example. Theoutput of the delay generators may be filtered into analog signals andoutput at appropriate voltages to the transducer elements 104. Usingdigital techniques, such as described above, the driver/receivers 120may be used as output stages of the delay generator 114, and 100 kHzdata signals may be received by the delay generators 114 directly fromthe controller 112 via the signal line 116.

FIG. 15 shows a hypersonic transducer element array 130 that includes athick film material 132 (e.g., ferroelectric/piezoelectric material)mounted above a first surface of the substrate 102 via conductiveadhesive standoffs 138. A common electrode 134 is formed on a topsurface of the thick film material 132, and a plurality of electrodes136 corresponding to transducer elements 131 is formed on a bottomsurface of the thick film material 132 between conductive adhesivestandoffs 138. The plurality of electrodes 136 are not directlyconnected to each other, but are connected via the conductive adhesivestandoffs 138 to first wire patterns formed on the first surface of thesubstrate 102, which are in turn connected to electronic components 140via second wire patterns formed on a second surface of the substrate102. The common electrode 134 may be connected to a fixed potentialconductor such as ground, for example.

Each of the transducer elements 131 may be formed with a concave (orconvex) surface. The concaveness (or convexness) predetermines adirection that the thick film material 132 will bend when, say, thethick film material 132 contracts in thickness and therefore expandslaterally in width. If no preference is provided, some transducerelements would move outwardly while some inwardly generating hypersonicwavelets that are 180 degrees out of phase with each other, which isnormally undesirable.

If the concave (or convex) surface is spherical and the radius of thesphere is ρ, the diameter Δ (approximately a distance betweencross-sections the conductive adhesive standoff 138 for each transducerelement), then a height h of the concavity (or convexity) of eachtransducer element 131 may have a relationship of:h˜Δ²/8ρ.For Δ˜1 millimeter (mm) and ρ˜1 centimeter (cm), then h˜12 μm. Δ mayhave a value of approximately λ/4 where λ is the wavelength of thetransmitted hypersonic beam. The speed of sound in air at standardtemperature and pressure (STP) is about 330 m/sec. Thus, For Δ˜1 mm, thetransducer elements 131 would be suitable to transmit a hypersonic beamhaving a frequency of 80 kHz which has a λ/4 of about 1 mm.

FIG. 16 shows a plan view of the transducer element array 130 showingonly the conductive adhesive standoffs 138 mounted on the substrate 102.As shown, the conductive adhesive standoffs 138 may form closedperimeter shapes such as circular shapes forming an enclosed volume whenthe thick film material 132 and electrodes 134 and 136 are placed overthe conductive adhesive standoffs 138. The closed perimeter shapes mayhave any other shapes such as triangles, hexagons, or squares orirregular shapes, for example. Each of the circular patterns formed bythe conductive adhesive standoffs 138 corresponds to one of thetransducer elements 131. Thus, the electrodes 136 may also have a shapecorresponding to the closed perimeter and placed over the conductiveadhesive standoffs 138 to form a space 142 between the electrodes 136,the conductive adhesive standoffs 138 and the substrate 102.

A hole 144 may be formed in the substrate 102 within the area encircledby each of the adhesive standoffs 138. Such a hole is also shown in FIG.15 traversing the thickness of the substrate 102. The hole 144 may be avia, for example, that may be formed using standard printed circuitboard processes. The hole may serve to relieve back pressure in thespaces 142 when each of the transducer elements 131 are vibrating athypersonic frequencies. If it is desirable to set a pressure in thespaces 142 to a specific value (other than an ambient pressure) such asa vacuum in the spaces 142, the hole 144 may be used as a suction holeand then filled with material such as solder after the vacuum is formed.If it is desirable to pressurize the spaces 142 to above the ambientpressure, the hole 144 may be used as a fill hole and then sealed withmaterial such as solder after the pressure is established. Pressure inthe spaces 142 may be established by other methods such as assemblingthe transducer element array 130 in a pressurized environment, forexample. Further, the spaces 142 may be filled with other materials suchas foam so that desirable hypersonic transducer element characteristicsmay be obtained.

FIG. 17 shows a bimorph hypersonic transducer element array 150 thatincludes two layers of thick films 152 and 154 made offerroelectric/piezoelectric materials and three sets of electrodes 156,158 and 160 mounted on the conductive adhesive standoffs 138 over thefirst surface of the substrate 102. The electrodes 156 are not directlyconnected to each other but are connected to the wiring patterns on thefirst surface of the substrate 102 via the conductive adhesive standoffs138. The electrodes 160 are not directly connected to each other, butmay be connected to the first surface of the substrate 102 via wiringpatterns on the top surface of the thick film 154 as shown in FIG. 18,for example.

In FIG. 18, the electrodes 160 have circular shapes, for example, (asnoted above, other shapes may be possible) and are interconnected bywiring patterns 164. All the electrodes 160 corresponding to transducerelements 151 that are driven by a same phase of the hypersonic signalare connected together as a group by the wiring patterns 164. Each groupis connected to a perimeter of the thick film 154 to form an input port166 together with an input port 168 corresponding to the commonelectrode 158. These input ports may be connected to the first or secondsurface of the substrate 102 either via wiring patterns or by folding ofthe thick films 152 and 154 around an edge to make contact with thefirst or second surface of the substrate 102. In a similar fashion eachelectrode 160 can be connected to and driven individually.

Returning to FIG. 17, spaces 162 bounded by the conductive adhesivestandoffs 138, the electrodes 156 and the first surface of the substrate102 maybe vented to the outside via the hole 144, pulled into a vacuumusing the hole 144 and filling the hole with solder or be filled withfoam similar to that discussed above. The electrodes 156 and 160 areconnected to components 140 mounted on the second surface of thesubstrate 102 so that each of the electrodes 156 and 160 are properlydriven with appropriate phases from the components 140 which may includecontrollers, digital signal processors, delay generators, etc.

The transducer elements 151 of the hypersonic transducer element array150 do not require concave surface shapes because a direction ofmovement of each of the transducer elements may be controlled byapplying proper signals to the electrodes 156 and 160. To force thetransducer elements 151 to move outwardly, the thick film 154 should bemade to expand while the thick film 152 should be made to contract. Tobend each of the transducer elements 151 inwardly toward the substrate102, the thick film 152 should be made to expand while the thick film154 should be made to contract. The same effect may be obtained (butwith less force) if one of the thick films 152, 154 (preferably thethick film 154 to obviate the need for complex contact routing) is notactivated at all while the other thick film 152, 154 is made to expandor contract. If activating only one thick film is desired, then only oneof the thick films 152 and 154 need to be ferroelectric/piezoelectricwhile the other one of the films may be made of a flexible material thattends to maintain its lateral dimension. In this case, electrodes 160are not required.

FIGS. 19 and 20 show two hypersonic transducer element arrays 170 and180 that operate based on capacitive principles. In FIG. 19, a thickfilm 172 (plastic sheet or metallized polyester, for example) includes ametal film 176 that is deposited or bonded on a bottom surface of thethick film 172. The metal film side of the thick film 172 is adhered tothe first surface of the substrate 102 via conductive adhesive standoffs138 as discussed above in connection with other hypersonic transducerelement arrays. The conductive adhesives standoffs 138 are connected topatterns formed on the first surface of the substrate 102 and connectedto components 140 coupled to the second surface of the substrate 102 viawiring patterns. As discussed above, the connections between wiringpatterns formed on the first surface of the substrate 102 and the secondsurface of the substrate 102 may be performed using standard techniquessuch as via holes.

Electrodes 174 are formed on the first surface of the substrate 102 sothat the electrodes 174 and the common electrode 176 form capacitors.The electrodes 174 are not directly connected to each other. When thecommon electrode 176 and the electrodes 174 are charged with oppositecharges, an attractive force is developed between the common electrode176 and the electrodes 174 so that the thick film 172 and the commonelectrode 176 are caused to move toward the electrode 174. When thecharges between the electrodes 174 and 176 are removed, the thick film172 and the common electrode 176 return to and past their flatcondition, thus generating an oscillatory pressure wave in the airsurrounding each of the transducer elements 171.

If, instead of applying opposite charges between the electrodes 174 andthe common electrode 176, the same charges are applied, a repellingforce is generated that tends to force the thick film 172 and theelectrode 176 away from the first surface of the substrate 102 thuscausing the thick film 172 and the common electrode 176 to moveoutwardly in a “convex” manner. When the charges are removed, the thickfilm and the common electrode 176 may relax and return to their originalpositions. Opposite charges and same charges may be appliedalternatively to the electrodes 174 and common electrode 176. This wouldforce the thick film 172 and the common electrode 176 to flex outwardlyand then inwardly.

In a similar manner, fixed charges may be embedded within the surfaceregions of a material to create static fields. The thick film 172 and/orthe first surface of the substrate 102 may be so pretreated so that afield is created without any signal applied to the electrodes 174 and176. In such a case, the thick film 172 and the common electrode 176will be pulled toward the first surface of the substrate 102 in aconcave manner without any signals applied between the electrodes 174and 176. The signals when applied to the electrodes 174 and 176 wouldtend to neutralize the pre-embedded attractive forces and thus cause thethick film 172 to move outwardly generating a pressure wave in thesurrounding air. The opposite effect may be achieved by pre-embeddingthe same type of charges on the electrodes 174 and 176 and neutralizingthe pre-embedded charges with a signal.

FIG. 20 shows a hypersonic transducer element array 180 having the thickfilm 182 and the common electrode 136 preformed into concave shapes sothat a distance between the common electrode 136 and the electrodes 184are closer to each other. In this way, stronger attractive forces may begenerated by applying signals between the common electrode 136 and theelectrodes 184. As before, the spaces 178 and 142 of the hypersonictransducer element arrays 170 and 180 may be vented using via holes 144,have gases in the spaces 178 or 142 set to a desirable pressure (e.g.,either vacuum or overpressure) through the holes 144 or be foam filledto generate appropriate characteristics for each of the transducerelements 171 and 181.

FIG. 21 shows an example of how a focused hypersonic beam may be used tocommunicate audio information in a space 189. A hypersonic transducerelement array 190 is used both to determine objects in the space 189 aswell as to transmit audio information to detected objects within thespace 189. In a “ping” mode, the hypersonic transducer element array 190may be used to scan the space 189 in depth and angle to identify groupsof people 194 and/or 198, for example. The space 189 may be a largeconference room, a supermarket, or a gathering in the open air. Afocused hypersonic beam 192 may be used to scan the space 189 in aregular manner similar to raster scan of a display screen, for example.

When the focused hypersonic beam 192 is directed at the people group194, reflection waves 196 are reflected back to the hypersonictransducer element array 190. The reflected waves 196 may be received bythe hypersonic transducer element array 190 used as a receiver to detectpresence of the people group 194. After the complete space 189 isscanned, the location of people groups 194 and 198 may be stored in amemory together with identification information if such information isavailable.

For example, the hypersonic scanning system may be used in conjunctionwith a video display where an operator may visually identify the peoplegroups 194 and 198 and enter identification information to be storedwith the location information determined by using the hypersonictransducer element array 190. Other methods of identifying object mayalso be used in conjunction with the hypersonic transducer element array190 such as an operator using a joystick with crosshairs on a videoscreen identifying specific persons that may be recognized so that audioinformation may be delivered to such persons. In such cases, thehypersonic scanning system may be used to confirm the existence ofidentified objects or used only to deliver audio information.Additionally, the hypersonic transducer element array 190 may be used tocontinuously track movements of identified objects such as people groups194 and 198. For this purpose, the hypersonic transducer element array190 may be used periodically in a ping mode and, when desired, be usedto communicate audio information to various identified objects.

When communication with the detected people groups 194, 198 is desired,only the phases of the individual transducer elements which correspond amaximum return strength echo need be known. Those same phases can thenbe used to communicate with the detected object (i.e., people groups194, 198). Thus, even if the parameters of the air which determine thefocused hypersonic beam to the detected object at a given distance areunknown (thus, the actual distance is not known), the phase settings fordetection and transmission are common. Thus variations in thetransmitting medium can be ignored due to “common mode rejection”between detection and transmission modes.

FIG. 22 shows possible hypersonic signals that may be transmitted for apinging operation. While a single frequency hypersonic signal may beused so that echoes of the transmitted hypersonic signal may be detectedto determine the presence of objects, it may be difficult to distinguishthe received hypersonic signal from noise signals or pinging operationsperformed by other hypersonic transducer element arrays that may be inoperation in the same area. Thus, multiple frequency hypersonic signalsor chirped signals may be used and transmitted at the same time toimprove signal-to-noise ratio.

If the hypersonic signals have frequencies f₁-f₆ with amplitudes thatare below the threshold, for example, then these frequencies should alsobe received when objects are detected. Amplitudes above the thresholdmay be used, but non-linear response of air must be taken into account.Further improvements of signal to noise ratios may be to encode anamplitude pattern over the frequencies f₁-f₆ so that the receivedreflections may also have a similar amplitude patterns to furtherimprove signal to noise ratio and detectability.

Instead of transmitting a focused hypersonic beam for pinging, the spacemay be periodically illuminated by hypersonic energy much like a floodlight directed away from the hypersonic transducer element array 190.(This flood light effect may be achieved by a diverging focusedhypersonic beam, for example.) Then, the hypersonic transducer elementarray 190 may collect all the reflected hypersonic signals (echoes)which may be processed by a controller such as the controller 112, forexample, to form focused hypersonic beams for detecting presence ofobjects.

Returning to FIG. 21, when the people group 194 is detected and audioinformation is desired to be communicated to this people group 194, aprojection distance may be determined that places the people group 194within a neighborhood where audio information may be heard by the peoplegroup 194. As discussed earlier, the projection distance may bedetermined based on parameters such as a threshold, beam focus,absorption or dispersion so that a size of the neighborhood and theprojection distance may be accurately determined. In addition, possiblehypersonic frequencies to encode the desired audio information may beselected based on the noise environment (i.e., hypersonic frequency andaudio noise) so that a volume of delivered audio information may bedetermined. After all of the required parameters discussed above aredetermined, the desired audio information is encoded using a hypersonicfrequency carrier and a single side band, for example, so that audiofrequencies for communication of the audio information may be generatedby the non-linear response of air. After the hypersonic signals havebeen generated, the hypersonic transducer element array 190 may be usedto focus a hypersonic beam so that the people group 194 is within aneighborhood where the beamed hypersonic signal may be converted intoaudio signals, thus delivering the audio information.

FIG. 23 shows one application of the hypersonic transducer element array202 that is mounted on a video terminal 200 such as a television orcomputer monitor, for example. The hypersonic transducer element array202 may be used to detect a number of persons 210-214 within apredetermined space, for example. After the number of persons 210-214 isdetermined, the hypersonic transducer element array 202 may be used togenerate focused hypersonic beams 204-208 for communication of audioinformation to the persons 210, 214.

The communication of audio information may be tailored for eachindividual 210-214. For example, the beam 204 may transmit English audioinformation while the beam 206 may transmit Spanish audio informationwhile the beam 208 may transmit German audio information. Further, theaudio information transmitted by the focused hypersonic beams 204-208may be directed at neighborhoods that enclose each of the persons210-214 and limited to such neighborhoods. Thus, other people, notshown, that may be near the persons 210-214 but outside the respectiveneighborhoods will not be substantially affected by the audioinformation delivered to the persons 210-214. The delivery of the audioinformation to each of the persons 210-214 may be isolated to eachparticular person and not “heard” by the other persons. Thus, “silent”delivery of audio information may be achieved.

In the above example, the hypersonic transducer element array 202transmits multiple focused hypersonic beams simultaneously and each ofthe beams carries unique audio information from the other beams. Toachieve this performance, each of the transducer elements of thehypersonic transducer element array 202 receives a signal that is acombination of all the signals that is required to generate each of thefocused beams. A controller may determine the hypersonic signalsrequired to form each of the focused hypersonic beams, determine whatsignal each transducer element should be driven (i.e., the delay foreach of the focused hypersonic beams and the hypersonic carrier and sidebands needed) and combine the signals for each transducer element beforeoutputting to the drivers for driving the transducer elements. In thisway, each of the transducer elements may drive the required signals forforming any number of beams to deliver unique audio information for eachof the focused hypersonic beams.

FIG. 24 shows a possible application of multiple hypersonic transducerelement arrays 304 and 306 in a theater 300, for example. Video imagesare shown on a display 302 to an audience 308. The hypersonic transducerelement array 306 is used to project audio information to various videoobjects displayed on the screen via focused hypersonic beams 312. Thehypersonic beams are focused so that the neighborhood of each of thebeams where the hypersonic beam energy is converted into audio energyoccurs at the screen and tracks each of the objects being displayed onthe display 302. The audio information is reflected from the screentoward the audience 308 by audio waves 314. In this way, the audience308 is presented with a video image in which the video characters appearto be generating sounds directly from the screen as would be if thecharacters were actually generating the sounds from the displayedpositions.

In addition, the hypersonic transducer element array 304 may be used todeliver audio information using focused hypersonic beam 310 to specificpersons in the crowd. The delivery of audio information by thehypersonic transducer element array 304 may create a neighborhood sothat only one person in the crowd 308 hears the delivered message sothat other persons in the audience 308 are not disturbed by the audiosounds delivered to a particular person in the audience 308.

FIG. 25 shows an exemplary block diagram of a hypersonic processor 400that may be used to drive a hypersonic transducer element array. Thehypersonic processor 400 may include a CPU 402, a memory 404, a delayprocessor 406, a signal generator 408 and an input/output port 410. Theabove components may be coupled together via a bus 412. While thehypersonic processor 400 is illustrated using a bus architecture, anyother architectural configuration may be used to perform the functionsof the hypersonic processor 400.

The CPU 402 may be used to control the overall process of the hypersonicprocessor 400. The input/output port 410 may be used to receive audioinformation to be transmitted and outputting signals for driving thehypersonic transducer element array.

For a pinging operation, an operator may enter parameters for a space tobe pinged. This space may be of any dimension. For example, if anauditorium is pinged for locations of various groups of people, a twodimensional system may be used to perform a raster scan operation, forexample. However, if the auditorium includes several balconies, then athree dimensional pinging operation may be required.

The CPU 402 may receive instructions from an operator indicating a spaceto be scanned via the input/output port 410. The CPU 402 initializes acoordinate system for the space of interest by storing parameters in thememory 404, for example. The CPU 402 may also determine a noiseenvironment of the space to be pinged by receiving signals from thehypersonic transducer element array through the input/output port 410 todetermine the background noise and to select a best hypersonic frequencyto be used for the pinging process.

After determining the desired hypersonic frequency, the CPU 402 mayinitialize the hypersonic signal generator 408 to generate the selectedhypersonic frequency for the pinging process. The CPU 402 may alsoinstruct the delay processor 406 to begin generating appropriate delaysfor the hypersonic transducer element array based on the coordinatesystem parameters stored in the memory 404. The hypersonic signalgenerator 408, the delay processor 406 and the input/output port 410coordinate to output the pinging hypersonic beam using the delaysgenerated by the delay processor 406. After each ping, the hypersonicprocessor 400 may stop transmitting the pinging hypersonic beam and waitfor an echo. Depending on the size of the auditorium, for example, theoutermost walls may reflect the transmitted pinging hypersonic beam andthus sets the maximum amount of wait time that corresponds to theoutermost boundaries of the auditorium. The maximum wait time may bedetermined by the CPU 402 before the pinging process begins so that“reverberation” from the auditorium walls may be ignored to avoid falsedetections.

After an appropriate wait time, the hypersonic processor 400 outputsanother ping aimed at a different coordinate of the space to be scanned.After each ping, the hypersonic processor 400 waits for possiblereflections from detected objects. When a reflection is detected by thehypersonic transducer element array, the coordinate of the detectedobject is determined by the CPU 402 and saved in the memory 404 in atable, for example.

The “wait” time between pings between scanned positions may be avoidedif multiple frequencies or frequency signatures are used for consecutivepings. In this way, a “ping” frequency signal would not interfere withan “echo” frequency signal. Also, as noted above, the “ping” may be aflood light type process where a very wide beam is generated forillumination, and the echo signals may be processed simultaneously fordetecting objects at multiple locations.

While the above process “maps” a space to be pinged, such mapping maynot be necessary depending on the application. For example, the operatormay visually identify objects in the auditorium and mark such imagesusing a video display and a joystick or touch screen, for example. Themarked coordinates may be sent to the hypersonic processor 400 eitherfor immediate transmission of audio information or for a confirmation ofhypersonic transmission parameters using a confirmation ping. Forexample, the conditions within an auditorium may not be at STP so thatthe speed of sound within the auditorium should be determined beforegenerating a projection distance and a neighborhood for transmission. Inthis case, a test ping at the coordinates identified by the operator maybe performed to more accurately determine audio delivery parameters sothat proper and efficient delivery may be achieved.

After mapping the space designated by the operator, the hypersonicprocessor 400 may receive commands for transmission of audio informationto particular objects identified by the mapping process. As mentionedabove, the operator may explicitly identify certain objects so that themapping process may be avoided and audio transmission may be carried outimmediately.

When the operator desires to transmit audio information to specificallyidentified objects, the hypersonic processor may receive the audioinformation via the input/output port 410 and sends the audioinformation to the hypersonic signal generator 408. Various audiomessages may be already stored in the memory 404. In this case, thehypersonic processor 400 immediately transmits the audio message.Similar to the pinging process, the CPU 402 may have already determinedthe most desirable hypersonic frequencies to be used for delivery ofaudio information based on the hypersonic noise environment, forexample. The hypersonic signal generator 408 encodes the audioinformation into a hypersonic signal so that the response of airreproduces the audio information to be transmitted. The delay processor406 generates delays for each of the hypersonic transducer elements ofthe hypersonic transducer element array based on parameters determinedby the CPU 402 and delays the hypersonic signal generated by thehypersonic signal generator 408 to be output through the input/outputport 410 to the hypersonic transducer element array for transmission viaa focused hypersonic beam to the identified object.

While the above discussion of the functions of the hypersonic processoruses the exemplary hypersonic processor 400 illustrated in FIG. 25,similar functions may be performed by discrete components, applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), PLAs or other hardware/software ora combination for generating appropriate hypersonic signals for drivinga hypersonic transducer element array to output a focused hypersonicbeam for delivery of audio information. For example, software executingin the CPU 402 may perform the function of the hypersonic signalgenerator 400 and the delay process 406.

FIG. 26 shows a flowchart for an exemplary process for pinging a spaceof interest. In step S100, the process sets a coordinate system to covera space of interest and the process goes to step S102. In step S102, theprocess pings the coordinate space based on a scanning scheme. Asdiscussed above, the process may scan the space of interest similar to araster scan scheme moving down along a horizontal direction in a lineand then moving down an adjacent line after scanning the firsthorizontal line is completed In this way, the space is scanned one lineat a time until the complete space is scanned. Additionally, asdiscussed above, the hypersonic signal used to ping a coordinate spacemay be determined prior to the scanning process based on the hypersonicsignal noise background so that an optimal signal to noise ratio may beobtained for accurate scanning of a space. Then the process goes to stepS104. Also, as indicated above, a wide area hypersonic illumination maybe used so that the “scanning” is performed using the received echosignals; and multiple focused hypersonic beams may be usedsimultaneously to scan a space. If necessary, the different focusedhypersonic beams may be distinguished from each other by encoding eachof the beams with different carrier frequencies.

In step S104, the process records coordinates of detected objects basedon received reflected hypersonic signals. As discussed above, thetransmitted hypersonic signals may be encoded using several hypersonicfrequencies as well as varying amplitudes. Additionally, outerboundaries of the space of interest may be determined either by doinginitial reverberation determination (i.e., walls, posts, etc.) or anoperator may enter coordinates of various boundaries so that anappropriate wait time may be determined for each ping. The process goesto step S106 and determines whether the pinging process is completed. Ifcompleted, the process goes to step S108; otherwise, the process returnsto step S102.

In step S108, the process determines whether audio information isdesired to be transmitted. If desired, the process goes to step S110;otherwise, the process goes to step S120 and ends. In step S110, theprocess selects one or more transmission targets. This selection may bedirected by an operator or the target(s) may be the objects that weredetected by the above pinging process. For example, the operator maydesire to transmit audio information to a first object detected withoutdetecting for another object; or, the operator may choose to transmitthe audio information one or more detected objects without first mappingthe complete space of interest before transmitting the audioinformation. For example, the focal distance of the array may be changedto maximize sensitivity for selected distances from the array or to zeroin on the conditions to focus on suspected targets. Then, the processgoes to step S112. In step S112, the process determines the requiredtransmission parameters such as intensity (amplitude) of the hypersonicsignal(s), the proper delays and the hypersonic signal frequencies toachieve delivery for appropriately sized neighborhoods, and the processgoes to step S114. In step S114, the process transmits the one or morehypersonic signals in one or more focused hypersonic beams to deliverthe audio information and goes to step S116.

The delivery of audio information can be multiplexed among objects. Forexample, if communication of audio information (same or different) tothree objects are desired, the audio information for each of the objectsmay be sent in a piece wise manner so that a first piece of therespective audio information may be transmitted to each of the objectsand then a second piece of the respective audio information may betransmitted, and so on. Thus, a focused hypersonic beam may be directedto each of the objects one at a time in rapid succession until all theaudio information is delivered.

In step S116, the process determines whether transmission should beperformed for another target. If further transmission is desired, theprocess goes to step S110; otherwise, the process goes to step S118. Instep S118, the process determines whether another ping cycle is desired.If desired, the process goes to step S102; otherwise, the process goesto step S120 and ends.

FIG. 27 shows an exemplary flowchart for transmitting audio informationusing a focused hypersonic beam. In step S200, the process determinesthe location of a desired neighborhood based on the current conditionsof the transmission medium (e.g., air), the current noise environment,both audio and hypersonic, as well as a desired neighborhood size. Theneighborhood size may be determined by a spacing between the people inthe space of interest so that a smaller neighborhood size may berequired for a crowded situation whereas a larger neighborhood size maybe adequate for sparsely crowded areas. Then, the process goes to stepS202. In step S202, the process generates signal delays for eachhypersonic transducer element of a hypersonic transducer element arrayto achieve an appropriately focused hypersonic beam. Then, the processgoes to step S204. In step S204, the process receives audio informationto be transmitted and goes to step S206. As noted above, the audioinformation may be a standard message already stored, such as “noparking in this area.” In step S206, the process generates thehypersonic transmission signal. As discussed above, the frequency andintensity of the hypersonic transmitted signal may be determined basedon the hypersonic and audio noise environment. Then, the process goes tostep S208. In step S208, the hypersonic transmission signal istransmitted and the process goes to step S210. In step S210, the processdetermines whether the transmission of all the audio information hasbeen completed. If completed, the process goes to step S212 and ends;otherwise, the process returns to step S204.

Steps S204-S210 may be part of a high speed digital process where theaudio information is received in packets. As noted above, becauseprocessors may operate at much higher rates than required for audioprocessing the digital information may be processed in packets and sentto circuitry such as drivers driving the hypersonic transducer elementarray. The digital signals may be converted to analog signals fortransmission. The delivery of digital information may be at a rate highenough so that the individual packets arrive at the driver before it isneeded to output the analog information. In this way, the process mayuse digital processing techniques to generate the hypersonictransmission signal in digital form to be converted to analog form fortransmission by the hypersonic transducer element array.

As discussed above, one or more DSPs (or other electronic processors)may be used to set phases of the signals for each hypersonic transducerelement. For example, if three focused beams are needed, the DSP(s) mayprocess three signals with appropriate phases for each of the transducerelements of a hypersonic transducer element array. In this way, thehypersonic transducer element array can be used to send out hypersonicwaves with multiple phases simultaneously. The superposition of suchwaves from the array of transducer elements results in multiple directedand focused wavefronts. Similarly, in reception mode, the samemultiplicity of phases associated by the DSP(s) with the individualtransducer elements allows the DSP(s) to separate the incomingwavefronts into separate signals reflected from different objects.

While the invention has been described in conjunction with exemplaryembodiments, these embodiments should be viewed as illustrative, notlimiting. Various modifications, substitutes or the like are possiblewithin the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A hypersonic transducer that forms a focused hypersonic beam,comprising: a substrate having a first surface and a second surface; aplurality of adhesive standoffs formed over the first surface of thesubstrate; a thick film having a first electrode bonded to a bottomsurface of the thick film, the first electrode disposed on the adhesivestandoffs; a second electrode disposed in a position opposing the firstelectrode; and a plurality of electric components disposed on the secondsurface of the substrate, the electric components connected to the firstand second electrodes for driving the first and second electrodes togenerate a focused hypersonic beam.
 2. The hypersonic transducer ofclaim 1, wherein: the thick film is formed from aferroelectric/piezoelectric material; the second electrode is bonded toa top surface of the thick film; and the first electrode comprising aplurality of transducer element electrodes not directly connected toeach other, each of the transducer element electrodes corresponding toone of the standoffs.
 3. The hypersonic transducer of claim 2, wherein:the adhesive standoffs are formed to have closed perimeters, thestandoffs, the transducer element electrodes and the first surface ofthe substrate enclosing a space, the space being one of filled with afoam, substantially emptied of gas by setting a pressure using a holeformed in the substrate and connected to a space adjacent to the secondsurface of the substrate, the thick film and the first and secondelectrodes bonded to the thick film having one of concavities extendingtoward the second surface of the substrate and convexities extendingaway from the second surface of the substrate.
 4. The hypersonictransducer of claim 2, further comprising: a second thick film bonded tothe second electrode; and a third electrode bonded to a top surface ofthe second thick film, wherein: the third electrode comprising aplurality of second transducer element electrodes, each of the secondtransducer element electrodes opposes one of the transducer elementelectrodes that is bonded to the bottom surface of the thick film, thefirst and third electrodes being driven at opposite polarities forforming the focused hypersonic beams.
 5. The hypersonic transducer ofclaim 1, wherein: the thick film is formed ofnon-ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials; the second electrode bondedto the first surface of the substrate and comprising a plurality oftransducer element electrodes not directly connected to each other, thefirst and second electrodes connected to the components for transmittingthe focused hypersonic beams.
 6. The hypersonic transducer of claim 5,wherein: the adhesive standoffs are formed to have closed perimeters,the standoffs, the transducer element electrodes and the first surfaceof the substrate enclosing a space, the space being one of filled with afoam, set to a pressure different than ambient pressure using a holdformed in the substrate and connected to an air space adjacent to thesecond surface of the substrate, the thick film and the first and secondelectrodes bonded to the thick film having concavities extending towardthe space.
 7. A hypersonic transducer, comprising: means for mounting athick film having a first electrode bonded to a bottom surface of thethick film over a first surface of a substrate; a plurality oftransducer element electrodes formed on the first surface of thesubstrate; and means for driving the first electrode and the transducerelement electrodes for generating a focused hypersonic beam.